What effect does "z-wobble" have on FDM prints?

"Z-wobble" refers to an inconsistency or misalignment in the vertical movement of the printer's Z-axis, which can occur due to mechanical issues such as loose components or imperfections in the lead screw. When z-wobble is present, it results in an uneven vertical displacement of the print head, leading to artifacts in the finished print. This phenomenon manifests as rippling or a wave-like effect along the vertical features of the print.

The incorrect choices do not accurately reflect the nature of z-wobble. For instance, improvements in print strength or enhancements in layer bonding are generally achieved through proper calibration and material choices, not through the irregularities introduced by z-wobble. Similarly, a shiny finish is more often a result of the type of filament used or print settings rather than a byproduct of mechanical inaccuracies. Therefore, the statement that z-wobble causes inconsistency and rippling in vertical features accurately captures the negative impact that this issue has on the quality of 3D prints.